
David Williams Laboratory
Retinal Cell Biology

David S. Williams, Ph.D.
Professor
- Dolly Green Chair in Ophthalmology
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology
- Director, Microscopy and Image Analysis Core
- Jules Stein Eye Institute
The Williams laboratory studies dynamic cellular processes in photoreceptor and RPE cells, with the aim of understanding basic cellular functions within these most highly specialized cells. Emphasis is on using advanced microscopy methods, including high-speed live-cell imaging and 3-D electron microscopy.
Current Research Areas:
- The delivery of opsin to the photoreceptor cilium and membrane shaping to form the disk membranes the photoreceptor outer segment.
- RPE cell biology, especially the motility and interactions of organelles, such as mitochondria, melanosomes, phagosomes and endolysosomes.
- Cell metabolism in relation to RPE cell differentiation.
- Retinal degeneration in Usher syndrome, involving the differentiation of patient-derived iPSCs into retinal cells, studies of MYO7A, and strategies for treatments via gene therapy.
- Mechanisms of other retinal degenerations, including choroideremia and macular degeneration.
By studying fundamental cellular processes that are essential for photoreceptor and RPE cell function, the lab's research is advancing general cell biological principles. It also provides an understanding of how defects in these processes lead to retinal degeneration. This knowledge is critical for developing treatments for inherited retinal diseases.
Lab Members
Project Scientists

Roni A. Hazim
Project Scientist
Roni is a retinal cell biologist whose research focuses on understanding how intracellular transport, organelle organization, and mitochondrial metabolism regulate the specialized architecture and function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a layer of cells essential for supporting the light-sensitive photoreceptors. The aim of his research is to provide insights into the cellular mechanisms that maintain RPE health and to understand how their disruption may contribute to RPE pathologies and retinal degeneration.

Nan Hultgren(she/her)
Assistant Project Scientist
Nan studies how intracellular organelle dynamics and metabolic organization enable the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to support photoreceptor function and maintain retinal homeostasis. Her current work focuses on how mitochondrial positioning and inter-organelle interactions coordinate lipid processing during the daily phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. Using advanced live-cell imaging, metabolic profiling, and disease-relevant RPE models, she studies how mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid droplets dynamically interact to manage the substantial lipid load associated with photoreceptor renewal. Her work further examines how disruption of these processes contributes to lipid dysregulation and retinal degeneration.

Yuekan Jiao
Specialist
Dr. Jiao focuses on biological electron microscopy, super-resolution light microscopy and image analysis. His responsibilities include running, supporting and training with the microscopes; supporting with ImageJ and Imaris; and developing ImageJ plugins. Dr. Jiao also conducts eye research through collaborating with research labs.

Antonio E. Paniagua
Assistant Project Scientist
Antonio studies how photoreceptors build and renew their outer segments. His work focuses on how new disk membranes are formed at the base of the outer segment and how the retinal pigment epithelium ingests and degrades outer segment tips. His expertise includes 3D electron tomography, STED and SIM super-resolution microscopy, live-cell imaging, subretinal AAV delivery, and neonatal retinal electroporation. He held an independent BrightFocus Foundation postdoctoral fellowship (Elizabeth Anderson Award for Macular Degeneration Research, 2021-2023) and currently participates as Co-Investigator in two NIH-NEI R01 grants.
Recent Publications
Ultrastructural and Electrophysiological Determination of the Patency of Monkey Cone Outer Segment Membranes
Antonio E. Paniagua, Stefanie Volland, Gregory S. Bryman, Gabriel Luna, Andrew W. Chang, Michael Tri H. Do, Steven K. Fisher, David S. Williams
The Journal of Neuroscience (2026)
View PublicationCollaborative role of two distinct cilium-specific cytoskeletal systems in driving Hedgehog-responsive transcription factor trafficking
Pei-I Ku, Jamuna S. Sreeja, Abhishek Chadha, David S. Williams, Martin F. Engelke, Radhika Subramanian
Science Advances (2025)
View PublicationMechanism of Photoreceptor Outer Segment Tip Ingestion: Evidence of Trogocytosis
Paniagua, Antonio E., Chang, Andrew, Williams, David S.
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (2025)
View PublicationPhotoreceptor Outer Segment Renewal
Roni A. Hazim, Antonio E. Paniagua, David S. Williams
Encyclopedia of the Eye (2025)
View PublicationThe Importance of Differentiated RPE Cultures for studying Cell Biological Processes
Hazim, Roni A., Williams, David S.
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (2025)
View PublicationThe photoreceptor outer segment: Development and renewal
Hazim, RA, Fisher, SK, Williams, DS
Current Topics in Developmental Biology (2025)
View PublicationProductive infection of the retinal pigment epithelium by SARS-CoV-2: Initial effects and consideration of long-term consequences
Nan W Hultgren, Anton Petcherski, Simona Torriano, Ravikiran Komirisetty, Madhav Sharma, Tianli Zhou, …, David S Williams, et al.
PNAS Nexus (2024)
View PublicationMachine learning-based 3D segmentation of mitochondria in polarized epithelial cells
Nan W. Hultgren, Tianli Zhou, David S. Williams
Mitochondrion (2024)
View PublicationExpression of two major isoforms of MYO7A in the retina: Considerations for gene therapy of Usher syndrome type 1B
W. Blake Gilmore, Nan W. Hultgren, Abhishek Chadha, Sonia B. Barocio, Joyce Zhang, Oksana Kutsyr, …, David S. Williams, et al.
Vision Research (2023)
View PublicationThree-Dimensional Ultrastructure of the Normal Rod Photoreceptor Synapse and Degenerative Changes Induced by Retinal Detachment
Gil Torten, Steven K. Fisher, Kenneth A. Linberg, Gabriel Luna, Guy Perkins, Mark H. Ellisman, David S. Williams
The Journal of Neuroscience (2023)
View Publication